Kasan Insight :: 과학, 기술 그리고 법

- 제약/화학/바이오 분야의 실용적 법률정보와 해결방안

A covenant is a promise by a party by which it pledges that something is either done, will be done or shall not be done.

•      Example 1: “Licensee shall pay Licensor a flat royalty based on 2.5% of Gross Revenues received from the sale of Licensed Products.”

•      Example 2: “Company A hereby covenants not to sue Company B under any patent listed in Exhibit A for infringement based upon any act by Company B of manufacture, use, sale, offer for sale or import that occurs after the Effective Date.”

A representation is a statement of fact that induces a party to enter into the contract. The statement, made before or at the time of making the contract, regards a past fact or existing circumstance related to the contract which influences such party to enter the contract.

•      Example 1: “Licensor represents to Licensee that it has the full and unencumbered right, power and authority to enter into this Agreement and to grant the license rights granted by Licensor to Licensee hereunder.

•      Example 2: “Company A hereby represents that it owns full legal and equitable title to each patent listed in Exhibit A.”

A warranty is an undertaking or stipulation that a certain fact in relation to the subject of the contract is or shall be as it is stated or promised; and refers to an agreement to protect the recipient against loss if the fact is or becomes untrue (i.e., an implied indemnification).

•      Example 1: “Licensor warrants to Licensee that it has not received any written notice or claim, and is not otherwise aware that the Licensed Technology infringes or misappropriates the proprietary rights of any other Person.”

•      Example 2: “Company A warrants to Company B that the Technical Information provided hereunder will be the same as that used in the design, production, installation, and maintenance of Licensed Products produced in its own factories.”

A claim for breach of a covenant may be for damages or specific performance. When a breach of a covenant is “material” (i.e., a breach that destroys the value of the contract for the non-breaching party), however, it excuses the non-breaching party’s performance.  This often is subjective and can be expensive to prove in later litigation. (Thus, the more specificity drafted into a contract – i.e., a listing of the specific and most-likely events that trigger a termination event – the better that contract protects the parties.)

Upon a false representation (or misrepresentation), however, the defrauded party may elect to void the entire contract and recover any sums paid.

When a breach of warranty occurs, the damages recoverable are the difference in the value as warranted (i.e., how they should have been) and the value as received.

This is because “representations” should be statements made by a party after investigation and with a belief that such statements are true, and “warranties” should be statements a party makes while willing to accept financial responsibility if the statement turns out to be untrue, regardless of whether they actually (or should have) investigated.

In sum, upon a breach of a covenant or breach of warranty, the contract remains binding and damages only are recoverable for the breach; whereas, upon a misrepresentation, the defrauded party may elect to void the entire contract. 

KASAN_기술이전, 라이선스, 특허실시, 공동연구개발 국제계약, 영문계약 실무상 기본용어 설명 참고자료 – covenant, representation, warranty 의미, 위반책임 및 차이점.pdf

Taxes; Withholding.

Each Party shall be solely responsible for the payment of all taxes imposed on its share of income arising directly or indirectly from the efforts of the Parties under this Agreement. 

In the event that any payment under this Agreement becomes subject to withholding taxes, other than income tax, under Applicable Laws, the payor may withhold from the payment the amount of such taxes due. 

Payor will timely pay to the proper governmental authority the amount of any taxes withheld and will provide the payee with an official tax certificate or other evidence of tax obligation together with proof of payment from the relevant governmental authority sufficient to enable payee to claim such payment of taxes. 

The Parties agree to cooperate with one another and use reasonable efforts to minimize or eliminate such tax withholding or similar obligations in respect of royalties, milestone payments, and any other payments made by Licensee to Licensor under this Agreement.  The Parties shall, wherever possible, endeavour and cooperate to minimize the taxes due under this Agreement.   

Records; Audits. 

Licensee and its Affiliates will maintain, and Licensee will cause each of its Sublicensees, if any, to maintain, complete and accurate records in sufficient detail to confirm the accuracy of the calculation of royalty payments and the achievement of milestone events, for a period of three (3) years after the Calendar Year in which such sales or events occurred or for the period required under the Applicable Laws, whichever is longer. 

Upon reasonable prior notice and without disruption to Licensee’s business, such records of Licensee and its Affiliates and Sublicensees shall be made available during regular business hours for a period of three (3) years from the end of the Calendar Year to which they pertain for examination, and not more often than once each Calendar Year, by an independent certified public accountant among the major internationally reputable accounting firms selected by Licensor, for the sole purpose of and only to the extent necessary for verifying the accuracy of the financial reports furnished by Licensee pursuant to this Article 8. 

Such independent accountant shall disclose to Licensor only the amounts that such independent accountant believes to be due and payable hereunder to Licensor, details concerning any discrepancy from the amount paid and the amount due, and shall disclose no other information revealed in such audit. 

Any and all records examined by such independent accountant shall be deemed Licensee’s Confidential Information which may not be disclosed by such independent accountant to any Third Party, and Licensee may require such independent accountant to enter into an appropriate written agreement obligating it to be bound by obligations of confidentiality and restrictions on use of such Confidential Information that are no less protective than those set forth in Article 16. 

If, as a result of any inspection of the books and records of Licensee, it is shown that payments under this Agreement were less than the amount which should have been paid, then Licensee shall make all payments required to be made plus interest (as set forth in Section 8.7) from the original due date to eliminate any discrepancy revealed by such inspection within thirty (30) days. 

If, as a result of any inspection of the books and records of Licensee, it is shown that payments under this Agreement were more than the amount which should have been paid, then Licensor shall, at Licensee’s election, either make all payments required to be made to eliminate any discrepancy revealed by such inspection within ninety (90) days or credit such amounts to Licensee against future payments. 

Licensor shall pay for such audits, except that in the event that the audited amounts were underpaid by Licensee by more than five percent (5%) of the undisputed amounts that should have been paid during the period in question as per the audit, Licensee all pay the costs of the audit.

KASAN_기술이전, 라이선스, 특허실시, 공동연구개발 국제계약서, 영문계약서에서 TAX 세무조항, RECORD, AUDIT 회계자료 감사권한 관련 계약조항 샘플.pdf

KASAN_독점라이선스 국제계약서에서 계약종료 시 라이센시의 보상청구 관련 주요내용, 분쟁사례, 판결 및 중재판정 요지 및 실무적 포인트 몇 가지.pdf

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4.1. Compliance with Legal Requirements.

Licensee shall conduct, and shall ensure that its Affiliates, Sublicensees and Subcontractors, conduct, all activities hereunder, including all Development and Commercialization of the Product, in compliance with all Applicable Laws.

In addition, Licensee hereby certifies that (i) to its reasonably knowledge or belief, neither Licensee nor its Affiliates has been, prior to the Effective Date debarred under United States law, including Section 21 U.S.C. 335a (or any foreign equivalent thereof), and (ii) neither Licensee nor its Affiliates will, from and after the Effective Date, employ or otherwise use in any capacity, the services of any Person, who to the knowledge or belief of Licensee or any of its Affiliates is, debarred under United States law, including Section 21 U.S.C. 335a (or any foreign equivalent thereof) to perform any portion of the activities hereunder, including any Development and Commercialization of the Product.

Licensee shall notify Sub-Licensor in writing promptly upon becoming aware of any such debarment of any such Person, and shall, upon becoming so aware, promptly remove such Person from performing any such activities and from any function or capacity related to any such activities.

4.2. Compliance with Ethical Business Practices.

(a) Compliance with Laws and Policies.

Licensee shall conduct the activities contemplated herein, and shall ensure that its Affiliates, Sublicensees and Subcontractors, conduct the activities contemplated herein, in a manner which is consistent with all Applicable Laws in Korea including, as applicable, Good Clinical Practices, Good Laboratory Practices, the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act which generally prohibits the promise, payment or giving of anything of value either directly or indirectly to any Official for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business or any improper advantage, and the UK Bribery Act of 2010 which additionally includes the prohibition on the making of any bribe to a foreign public official with the intention of influencing such person in order to obtain or retain business or an advantage in the conduct of business, and good business ethics.

(b) Governments and International Public Organizations.

Licensee warrants that, in connection with this Agreement and Licensee’s business relating thereto, Licensee, its directors, employees, officers, and anyone acting on Licensee’s behalf or with Licensee’s knowledge, shall not offer, make or promise any payment, and shall ensure that its Affiliates, Sublicensees and Subcontractors, do not offer, make or promise any payment (either directly or indirectly, of money or other assets) to any government officials (including any government-owned or controlled commercial enterprise), or political party officials, officials of international public organizations, candidates for public office, or representatives of other businesses or persons acting on behalf of any of the foregoing (hereinafter collectively referred as “Officials”) where such payment (either directly or indirectly of money or other assets) would constitute a violation of any Applicable Law.

In addition, Licensee shall make no payment (either directly or indirectly of money or other assets), and shall ensure that its Affiliates, Sublicensees and Subcontractors, make no payment in connection with this Agreement or Licensee’s business relating thereto, either directly or indirectly to Officials if such payment (either directly or indirectly of money or other assets) is for the purpose of (i) influencing decisions or actions with respect to the subject matter of this Agreement or any other aspect of either Party’s business; (ii) inducing such Official to do or omit to do any action in violation of the lawful duty of such Official; (iii) securing any improper advantage; or (iv) inducing such Official to use his/her position to affect or influence any decisions or actions of government or any legislative, administrative, public agency or other public body with respect to any activities undertaken relating to this Agreement.

Additionally, Licensee will make reasonable efforts to comply with requests for information, including answering questionnaires and narrowly tailored audit inquiries, to the extent they relate to the subject of this Agreement, to enable Licensor to ensure compliance with any applicable anti-corruption laws.

(c) Disclosure.

Where Licensor requests reasonable information regarding disclosure of any officers, employees, owners, or persons directly or indirectly retained by Licensee who are Officials or relatives of Officials of any governmental authority with oversight over the performance of Licensee’s obligations under this Agreement or any Regulatory Documentation, if such persons are engaged to perform Licensee’s obligations under this Agreement, Licensee shall provide complete and accurate information and documentation to Licensor with respect thereto. Licensee shall update such disclosures upon request of Licensor from time to time as necessary to ensure the information provided remains complete and accurate for the Term of this Agreement.

(d) Books and Records.

Licensee represents, warrants and covenants that all books, records, invoices and other documents relating to payments and expenses under this Agreement are and shall be complete and accurate and reflect in reasonable detail the character and amount of transactions and expenditures. Licensee further represents, warrants and agrees that no “off the books” or similar funds will be maintained or used in connection with this Agreement.

(e) Compliance Training.

Licensee agrees to ensure that all of Licensee’s employees involved in performing the obligations under this Agreement are made specifically aware of the compliance requirements under Sections 4.2(a), (b), (d), (e) and (f).

(f) Exclusions Lists.

Licensee shall not use (and shall cause its Affiliates not to use) any Person (including any employee, officer, director, Sublicensee or Third Party contractor) who is (or has been) on the Exclusions List, or who is (or has been) in Violation, in the performance of any activities hereunder. Licensee certifies to Sub-Licensor that as of the Effective Date, Licensee has screened itself, and its officers and directors (and its Affiliates, Sublicensees and Third Party contractors and their respective officers and directors) against the Exclusions Lists and that it has informed Licensor whether Licensee, or any of its officers or directors (or any of its Affiliates, Sublicensees or Third Party contractors or any of their respective officers and directors) has been in Violation. After the Effective Date, Licensee shall notify Licensor in writing immediately if any such Violation occurs or comes to its attention.

(g) Obligation to Notify.

Licensee shall promptly notify Licensor upon becoming aware of any violation of any anti-corruption laws by Licensee or its Affiliate or those acting on Licensee’s behalf in connection with the matters that are the subject of this Agreement and the performance by Licensee of its obligations hereunder.

(h) Compliance Audits.

Licensee shall maintain books and records that are complete and accurate in all material respects relating to its compliance by Licensee and its Affiliates that is engaged in carrying out activities in connection with this Agreement with anti-corruption laws and with respect to its obligations under this Agreement (collectively, the “Compliance Records”) for a period of two (2) years after the period to which such records relate or such longer period as required by Applicable Laws, which Compliance Records shall include: (a) its policies and procedures including those of Licensee and its Affiliates concerning compliance with anti-corruption laws with respect to its obligations under this Agreement, (b) records of any investigations and remedial and disciplinary actions undertaken to address material violations of anti-corruption laws with respect to its obligations under this Agreement and (c) records of any payments made by it or Licensee and its Affiliates in connection with this Agreement. Upon reasonable advance written notice to Licensee, Licensor shall be entitled, at its cost and expense, to have access to and audit the Compliance Records of Licensee and any of its Affiliates (to the extent such Compliance Records are not subject to attorney-client privilege) for a period of two (2) years after the period to which such records relate or such longer period as required by applicable anti-corruption laws. Licensor may not exercise this audit right more frequently than once during any twelve (12)-month period; provided, however, that if any audit by Licensor under this Section 4.2(h) reveals that Licensee or any of its Affiliates is or was not in material compliance with applicable anti-corruption laws in relation to the performance of its obligations under this Agreement, Licensor shall have the right to conduct such additional audits (for clarity, such additional audits shall apply only to the applicable Licensee and its Affiliates which was so determined during the initial audit in such twelve (12)-month period to not be in material compliance) during such twelve (12)-month period as may be reasonably required to determine whether Sub-Licensee and its Affiliates have appropriately remedied such non-compliance.

4.3. Termination for Non-Compliance.

Any uncured violation by Licensee or any of its Affiliates of any applicable anti-corruption laws in connection with its obligations under this Agreement shall be a material breach of this Agreement entitling Sub-Licensor to terminate this Agreement pursuant to Section 11.2(c).

4.4. Responsibility for Compliance.

Licensee acknowledges and agrees that neither Licensor, nor or any of its Affiliates or Licensor’s or its Affiliates’ officers, directors, employees, agents and representatives is authorized to waive compliance with the provisions of Section 4.3 and/or to give any direction, either written or oral, relating to the making of any commitment by Licensee or its agents to any Third Party in violation of the terms of this ARTICLE 4, and that Sub-Licensee shall be solely responsible for its compliance with all applicable anti-corruption laws irrespective of any act or omission of Merck or any of Merck’s Affiliates or Merck’s or its Affiliates’ officers, directors, employees, agents and representatives.

KASAN_기술이전, 라이선스, 특허실시, 공동연구개발 등 국제계약서, 영문계약서에서 미국법 FCPA, Anti-Corruption, Compliance 관련 계약조항 샘플.pdf

제 1 조 (공정의무)

 1) 양 당사자(그 임직원을 포함)는 본 계약의 체결, 이행 및 유지에 있어 거래의 공정성에 대한 확보가 중요한 전제 조건임을 인식하고, 타방 당사자(그와 동일시 할 수 있는 친인척 등 관계자 포함) 또는 본 계약과 관련한 제3자(이하 “거래 상대방”이라 한다)에 대하여 거래의 공정성을 해할 수 있는 행위(이하 "비위행위”라 한다)를 하여서는 아니 된다. "비위행위"의 예는 다음 각 호에 열거되어 있는 바와 같으며, 이에 한하지 아니한다.

① 금전을 제공하는 행위

② 사회통념수준을 초과하는 선물 또는 식사를 제공하는 행위

③ 불건전 업소, 오락, 골프, 스키 등의 향응 및 접대를 하는 행위

④ 출장지원, 개인 휴가 지원, 사무실 비품 제공, 협찬/찬조 등의 편의를 제공하는 행위

⑤ 차용/매입/매도, 부채상환, 보증, 금전대차 등 금전 또는 부동산 관련 모든 거래행위

⑥ 공동투자 및 공동재산의 취득 기회를 제공하거나, 합작투자 또는 “거래 상대방”의 회사에 겸직하도록 하는 행위

⑦ “거래 상대방”의 주식이나 기타 관련업체의 주식을 제공 또는 투자하도록 하거나 기타 재산을 공동 투자 또는 취득하도록 하는 행위

⑧ 고용보장, 취업알선의 약속 등 미래에 대한 보장을 하는 행위

⑨ 기타 타방 당사자의 정도경영 준수사항을 위반하거나, “거래 상대방”이 공정하게 업무를 수행하는 데 지장을 초래하는 행위

2) 양 당사자는 거래 공정성 확보를 위해 다음 각 호의 사항을 협조하도록 한다.

① 타방 당사자의 임직원을 상대로 일방 당사자의 임직원 등에 의해 이루어진 “비위행위”가 발견되거나 “비위행위”에 대한 의혹이 있는 경우, 양 당사자는 그와 관련된 자료의 제출 또는 열람을 상대방 당사자에게 요구할 수 있으며, 이 경우 양 당사자는 해당 요구에 적극 협조하여야 한다.

② 일방 당사자는 타방 당사자의 임직원으로부터 본 조 제1항 각 호의 행위를 제의받거나, 이러한 사실을 인지한 때에는 타방 당사자의 관련 부서에 즉각 신고토록 한다.

③ 양 당사자는 본 계약 외에 상대 당사자의 정도경영 실천에 적극 협조한다.

3) 본 조는 본 계약의 종료(만료, 해지 또는 해제 포함) 후에도 유효하다.

4) 본 계약의 일방 당사자가 본 조항의 공정의무를 위반한 경우 그 상대방은 본 계약을 즉시 해지할 수 있다.

KASAN_기술이전, 라이선스, 특허실시, 공동연구개발 등 국문계약서에서 공정의무, 반부패의무, 비위행위금지, Anti-Corruption, Compliance 관련 계약조항 샘플.pdf